By stirring crosstalk among skin cells that form the roots of hair, a group of researchers report they have regrown hair strands on damaged skin.

Led by researchers at NYU School of Medicine and published this month in the journal Nature Communications, the study examined the effect of distinct signaling pathways in damaged skin of laboratory mice. Experiments focused on fibroblasts that secrete collagen, the structural protein most responsible for maintaining the shape and strength of skin and hair. 
 
The findings better explain why hair does not normally grow on wounded skin, and may help in the search for better drugs to restore hair growth, note the study's authors. 

As part of their investigation, researchers activated the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway used by cells to communicate with each other. The pathway is known to be very active during the early stages of human growth in the womb, when hair follicles are formed, but is otherwise stalled in wounded skin in healthy adults. Researchers say this possibly explains why hair follicles fail to grow in skin replaced after injury or surgery. 

"Our results show that stimulating fibroblasts through the sonic hedgehog pathway can trigger hair growth not previously seen in wound healing," says study senior investigator and cell biologist Mayumi Ito, PhD, an associate professor in the Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology at NYU Langone Health.

Regrowing hair on damaged skin is an unmet need in medicine, Ito says, because of the disfigurement suffered by thousands from trauma, burns, and other injuries. However, her more immediate goal, she adds, is to signal mature skin to revert back to its embryonic state so that it can grow new hair follicles, not just on wounded skin, but also on people who have gone bald from aging.
Ito says scientists have until now assumed that, as part of the healing process, scarring and collagen buildup in damaged skin were behind its inability to regrow hair. "Now we know that it's a signaling issue in cells that are very active as we develop in the womb, but less so in mature skin cells as we age," she adds.

Key among the study's findings was that no signs of hair growth were observed in untreated skin, but were observed in treated skin, offering evidence that sonic hedgehog signaling was behind the hair growth.

To bypass the risk of tumors reported in other experiments that turned on the sonic hedgehog pathway, the NYU Langone team turned on only fibroblasts located just beneath the skin's surface where hair follicle roots (dermal papillae) first appear. Researchers also zeroed in on fibroblasts because the cells are known to help direct some of the biological processes involved in healing.

Hair regrowth was observed within four weeks after skin wounding in all treated mice, with hair root and shaft structures starting to appear after nine weeks.

Ito says her team plans further investigations into how chemical and genetic stimulants of fibroblasts might activate the sonic hedgehog pathway in wounded human skin. Her goal is to identify likely drug targets for hair regrowth.

Funding support for the latest experiments, which took three years to complete, was provided by National Cancer Institute grants, as well as National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases' grants. Further funding support was provided by the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation, and a New York Stem Cell Foundation training grant (C026880). 

Besides Ito, other NYU Langone scientists involved in this research are study lead investigator Chae Ho Lim, PhD; and co-investigators Qi Sun, BS; Karan Ratti, MS; Soon-Hoon Lee, PhD; Makoto Takeo, PhD; Wendy Lee, PhD; and Piul Rabbani, PhD.

Additional study co-investigators are Ying Zheng, PhD; Sarah Millar, PhD; and George Cotsarelis, MD, at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia; Maxim Plikus, PhD, at the University of California Irvine; Jason Cain, PhD, at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia; David Wang, MD, PhD, at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas; D. Neil Watkins, MD, PhD, at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research in Sydney, Australia; Peggy Myung, MD, PhD, at Yale University in New Havan, Conn.; and M. Mark Taketo, PhD, at Kyoto University in Japan.