• Login
    • Join
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Formulary
    • Exclusives
    • Top Companies
    • Raw Materials
    • End-User
    • Packaging
    • Directories
    • Events
    • Jobs
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Formulary
  • Exclusives
  • Top Companies
  • Raw Materials
  • End-User
  • Packaging
  • Directories
  • Events
  • Jobs
  • Current / Back Issues
    Features
    Columns
    Editorial
    Digital Edition
    eNewsletter Archive
    Our Team
    Editorial Guidelines
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    Top Features
    In Sickness & in Health

    In Action

    Tress Test

    From Hollywood to Hair Color

    Virtual Reality for Makeup Is Not Make Believe
    Online Exclusives
    Association News
    Breaking News
    Financial News
    Industry News
    International
    Marketing News
    New Products
    News Front
    Packaging News
    Patents
    Personnel
    Regulations
    Snapshots
    Top News
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    Scott’s Sells Personal Care Production Site

    Givaudan Unveils RitualEssenz Brazil

    Sozio Builds a New Facility

    Laverne Cox Is Matrix Ambassador

    H2O+ Reimagines Hydration Oasis
    Blog
    Online Exclusives
    Infographics
    Podcasts
    Whitepapers
    Videos
    Expert's Opinion
    eBook
    Surveys
    International Top 30 Report
    Top 50 Report
    Top Companies
    22. Pierre Fabre

    14. Sealed Air Diversey Care

    18. Guthy-Renker

    4. Kao

    13. GlaxoSmithKline
    Actives
    Functional Ingredients
    Pigments
    Polymers
    Preservatives
    Surfactants

    Givaudan Unveils RitualEssenz Brazil

    Where Angels Soar

    Croda Awarded for Reputation

    DSM and Metex Nøøvista Collaborate

    FDA May Change Manufacturing Survey
    Air Care/Environmental Fragrance
    AP/Deo
    Color Cosmetics
    Disinfectants
    Fine Fragrance
    Hair Care
    Household Cleaning
    I&I Marketplace
    Laundry Care
    Oral Care
    OTC/Medicated
    Packaging
    Personal Cleansers
    Skin Care
    Sun Care
    Testing

    Scott’s Sells Personal Care Production Site

    Where Angels Soar

    Sozio Builds a New Facility

    Laverne Cox Is Matrix Ambassador

    H2O+ Reimagines Hydration Oasis
    Lab Equipment
    Mixing
    Packaging
    Testing

    Love Beauty and Planet Addresses Waste

    A New Era in Efficacy Testing

    Circular Models for Consumer Staples

    CPI Works to Reduce Formulation Risks

    Tom's Unveils Recyclable Toothpaste Tube
    Contract Manufacturing / Private Label Directory
    Buyer's Guide
    Add New Company
    Corporate Profiles
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Tokiwa Cosmetics America, LLC

    Accupac

    Croda

    Wormser

    Sabinsa Cosmetics, a division of Sabinsa Corporation
    Live From Shows
    Meetings
    Webinars
    Snapshots
    • Magazine
      • Current / Back Issues
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Columns
      • Digital Edition
      • eNewsletter Archive
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
    • Breaking News
    • Formulary
    • Directories
      • Buyer's Guide
      • Contract Manufacturing / Private Label Directory
      • Corporate Profiles
      • Add Your Company
    • Raw Materials
      • Actives
      • Functional Ingredients
      • Pigments
      • Polymers
      • Preservatives
      • Surfactants
    • End-User
      • Air Care/Environmental Fragrance
      • AP/Deo
      • Color Cosmetics
      • Disinfectants
      • Fine Fragrance
      • Hair Care
      • Household Cleaning
      • I&I Marketplace
      • Laundry Care
      • Oral Care
      • OTC/Medicated
      • Packaging
      • Personal Cleansers
      • Skin Care
      • Sun Care
      • Testing
    • Packaging
      • Lab Equipment
      • Mixing
      • Packaging
      • Testing
    • Top Companies
      • International Top 30 Report
      • Top 50 Report
    • Online Exclusives
    • Experts Opinion
    • Slideshows
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • eBook
    • Infographics
    • Blog
    • Whitepapers
    • Surveys
      • R & D Salary Survey
      • Sales & Marketing Salary Survey
    • Job Banks
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live from show Events
      • Webinars
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise With Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Features

    The Wonders of Jojoba

    This natural material has a wide range of applications in personal care products.

    Nadim A. Shaath, Ph.D., Alpha Research & Development Ltd. and Shaath & Meadows Consultation, White Plains, NY08.31.12
    Jojoba oil is 97% liquid wax and is produced from the seed of the jojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis), an evergreen shrub native to southern Arizona, southern California, the Middle East, Argentina and northwestern Mexico. Simmondsia chinensis was named jojoba by the O’odham (an indigenous Uto-Aztecan peoples of the Sonoran Desert in the southwestern US), who treated burns with an antioxidant salve made from a paste of the jojoba nut.

    Simmondsia chinensis usually grows to a height of 1-2m and may reach heights of three meters or more under ideal growing conditions. S. chinensis has a normal life span of at least 100 years and may live more than 200 years. Pollination is via wind or insects. The fruit is a green capsule enclosing as many three seeds. When ripe (3-6 months after fertilization) the capsule splits and reveals the seed, which is brown, wrinkled and about the size of a small olive (there are usually 300 to 1,000 seeds/lbs). The mature seeds are hard, oval, dark reddish-brown with a wrinkled surface and contain 42-58% liquid wax esters.1 Consumption of large quantities of jojoba seed meal results in toxicity in many mammals, and the indigestible wax is sometimes used as a laxative in humans.2

    The native Americans of northern Mexico and the southwestern US have highly regarded jojoba oil for centuries, due to its valuable qualities, and used it for multiple and varied cosmetic and medicinal purposes; e.g., hair dressings, body oils and skin salves. Moreover, these native Americans attributed mystical powers to jojoba oil, claiming that it could alleviate a host of ailments and cure cuts, scratches and open sores.

    Jojoba plantations have been established in a number of desert and semi-desert areas, predominantly in Argentina, India, Israel, Mexico, Egypt, Palestinian Authority, Peru and the US. Excessive cold has been known to kill entire seedling crops. Jojoba, as a desert plant, is very tolerant of high temperatures.3 Jojoba naturally grows in areas that receive 3-18 inches of annual precipitation. Water is most crucial to jojoba growth during late winter and early spring.

    Long-term success of commercial jojoba production relies on improved yield and a strong market. The value of jojoba oil as a cosmeceutical ingredient, an alternative industrial fluid with multiple applications and as a replacement for non-renewable fossil petroleum has been demonstrated.

    Extraction and Processing
    There are several methods for extracting jojoba oil from the seeds. The most direct involve mechanically pressing the seeds with or without the application of heat in a process termed expeller-pressing. The strictly mechanical methods for jojoba oil extraction are cold-pressing and second-pressing. After mechanical extraction, jojoba oil is usually screened and then filtered. Subsequently, the jojoba oil is pasteurized to ensure safety and quality.
    1. Expeller-Pressed Jojoba Oilis extracted from jojoba seeds by passing the seed through mechanical presses known as expellers. These machines mechanically press the liquid from jojoba seeds and sometimes also employ heat in order to facilitate release of the liquid. The remnant from expeller extraction of jojoba oil is the jojoba seed presscake (also called the meal).
    2. Cold-Pressed JojobaOil is mechanically pressed from jojoba seed without the addition of heat to facilitate pressing. The resulting liquid is usually light gold in color with very little odor.
    3. Second-Pressed Jojoba Oil is mechanically pressed from jojoba presscake (the remnant from an initial cold-pressing of jojoba seeds) during a secondary pressing operation. The second-pressed liquid is usually darker than the cold-pressed liquid and often has a distinct, although not unpleasant, odor. Second-pressed jojoba liquid is primarily employed as a lubricant.

    A Variety of Uses
    Approximately 50% of the jojoba seed weight is the oil. The almost exclusive composition of liquid wax-esters makes jojoba oil unique in the plant kingdom. Jojoba oil’s composition of extremely long (C36-C46) straight-chain wax ester makes it and its derivatives more similar to human sebum and whale oil than to traditional vegetable oils. Although initial interest in jojoba oil resulted from the ban on whaling and whale products in 1971, thus creating an interest in sperm whale oil substitutes, many of jojoba oil’s properties make it superior in most applications.

    Jojoba oil is easily refined to be odorless, colorless and oxidatively stable, and is often used in cosmetics as a moisturizer and as a carrier oil for specialty fragrances. It also has potential use as both a biodiesel fuel for cars and trucks, as well as a biodegradable lubricant.

    Currently, the primary employment of jojoba liquid wax is centered on the cosmetic and personal care industry, mainly due to its emollient property without a sense of greasiness. Incorporation of jojoba oil into skin care formulations is a relatively simple process, as jojoba oil has a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance number (HLB) of approximately 6; i.e., it appears to be compatible with almost all ionic, polar, amphoteric and lipophilic ingredients.4

    Jojoba mealis a remnant by-product of the extraction of jojoba presscake. Whole jojoba seed contains about 15% protein and 11% anti-nutritional compounds such as simmondsin and its analogs. Jojoba meal is often an ingredient in cosmetic scrub or peeling products, as a mechanical exfoliant, and in creating interesting biologically active extracts.

    Simmondsin, and many of its analogs remain in the presscake after jojoba oil is extracted. Several methods are now under development to extract the ferulic acid from the simmondsins for use in antioxidant and UV-enhancing applications.

    Chemical Composition
    A variety of natural golden liquid wax esters are found in jojoba seeds. Although jojoba oil seems similar to other vegetable oils, its chemical composition closely resembles that of sperm whale oil (which was outlawed in 1971).

    Studies focusing on percutaneous absorption of jojoba oil components conducted at the University of Michigan indicated that jojoba oil is rapidly absorbed into the skin, primarily via pores and hair follicles.5 Testing has shown that skin elasticity increased by 37% only 30 minutes after application.
    Other studies have shown that pure jojoba oil noticeably contributes to softening skin well beyond eight hours after application. These data indicate that jojoba oil’s skin moisturizing and softening action is enacted both by the formation of a semi-permeable, protective surface lipid layer and permeation into the corneal layer’s intercellular spaces.6

    Jojoba oil also has phenomenal oxidative stability, an extremely important consideration for cosmetic chemists, especially when dealing with natural materials. Many plant oils which have been used in cosmetics for thousands of years; e.g., olive oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, have the unfortunate tendency to quickly oxidize; i.e., go rancid, or “spoil.”

    Two properties inherent in jojoba oils which affect their oxidative stability are their molecular configuration and the presence of antioxidants. Jojoba wax is a mixture of long chained, unbranched liquid wax esters formed from unbranched Omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acids and unbranched Omega-9 monounsaturated fatty alcohols. Both of these moieties almost always contain an even number of carbon atoms. Jojoba oil’s double bonds are cis in character, which may enhance jojoba oil’s superior emolliency.

    Vitamins E (Tocopherols) are a family of powerful antioxidant lipid-soluble vitamins and excellent free-radical scavengers thus protecting essential fatty acid and vitamin A levels in the body. They significantly help in the reduction of scarring from wounds and the appearance of stretch marks.
    Sterols (Phytosterols) are a class of lipid-like compounds that inhibit skin aging by improving skin metabolism and reducing inflammation. They promote excellent moisture retention and rapidly penetrate the skin. They are vital to the structural integrity of the cell membrane.

    Ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) is found in jojoba pressmeal as the acid-derived moiety of simmondsin 2’-ferulate esters. Ferulic acid helps prevent damage caused by ultraviolet light. Recently, we isolated ferulic acid from jojoba presscake in order to fortify its antioxidant qualities, or employ it independently in other antioxidant and UV-filtering applications.
















    Ferulic Acid

    Health and Cosmetic Benefits
    Jojoba oil components are important in healing and/or inhibiting degeneration. The properties of tocopherols as healing agents are well-known, particularly reduction of scarring and stretch marks. Tocopherols also have anti-inflammatory and anti-degenerative properties as does ferulic acid, and tocopherols are also known to facilitate cell nourishment.7 Ferulic acid also exhibits anti-allergenic qualities. Jojoba oil’s skin-moisturizing properties correct dryness and improve skin elasticity and, as previously stated, jojoba oil also has many antioxidant benefits. Jojoba liquid wax esters and tocopherols are also proven emollients with the added advantage that they are rapidly absorbed transcutaneously; they are excellent candidates for topical applications. The combined anti-free radical, emollient properties and rapid absorption properties of these substances make them highly effective ingredients in topical photoprotective applications.

    Jojoba oil is versatile and its external use is not limited to the skin, but also commonly extends to treatment of damaged, dry or brittle hair. Jojoba oil helps hydrate hair and scalp very effectively by forming a semi-permeable protective layer around the hair thereby sealing in moisture, but still allowing the scalp to “breathe” and actually penetrating into hair shafts and follicular interstitial spaces.
    The moisture retained in the hair naturally gives hair an attractive and healthy glow, providing instant shine, smoothness and frizz control and also helps strengthen the hair shaft by promoting elasticity, thus preventing any form of hair brittleness from occurring. Jojoba oil also ameliorates many scalp problems relating to hair follicle blockage and potential consequent and scaling due to hardened sebum accumulations.

    The same emollient and nutritive qualities which make jojoba oil an excellent agent in hair treatments also make it an effective component in regimens for treating brittle nails.8

    Conclusion
    Jojoba oil contains many components which have demonstrated significant health benefits. Some of its more unusual properties are the extraordinarily high concentrations of nearly pure liquid wax esters, which, as mentioned previously, are not found in other plant products and jojoba oil’s extreme heat-stability and oxidation-resistance, as compared with other plant oils. Its components have antioxidant; i.e., anti-free radical properties. Jojoba oil has been shown to positively affect wound healing, and it has also exhibited anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antifungal and anti-aging properties.

    Moreover, many cosmeceutical consumers are demanding formulations with natural ingredients. Jojoba oil’s superlative moisturizing characteristics and “dry” emolliency further increase its desirability as an ingredient in cosmeceuticals which are based on simple, natural, renewable botanical ingredients, yet are effective and oxidatively stable; i.e., eliminate the risk of rancidity and consequent consumer health risks due to damage from free radicals.

    During the past two decades, the use of jojoba oils has steadily increased in a wide and diversified range of cosmetic applications, including hair care, skin care, baby care products, cuticle and nail care, soaps, color cosmetics and sun care products.

    Given the excellent emollient and photoprotective antioxidant qualities of jojoba oil components and the ease of transcutaneous absorption of these components, jojoba oil is an excellent additive as a carrier, photoprotectant, stabilizer and moisturizer in photoprotectant applications in particular, and cosmetics in general.

    References:
    1. W.H. Brooks (1978). “Jojoba—a North American desert shrub: its ecology, possible commercialization, and potential as an introduction into other arid regions”. Journal of Arid Environments 1: 227–236.
    2. D.M. Yermanos (1979). “Jojoba: A crop whose time has come”. California Agriculture July-August: 4-11.
    3. M.N. Nimir and H.M. Ali-Dinar (1991). “Jojoba, a new cash crop in marginal lands”. Acta Horticulturae 270: 369–372.
    4. S. Felix (1980). “Cosmetic applications of jojoba wax”. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Research and Development Authority, Applied Research Institute, Scientific Activities 1978-79 11.
    5. K.D. McClatchey, W.J. Ferrell, and C.L. Pierson (1980). “Percutaneous Absorption of Jojoba Oil”. Proceedings from the Fourth International Conference on Jojoba and Its Uses. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
    6. M.S. Christensen and E.W. Packman (1988). “Skin Surface Softening Effects of Jojoba and Its Derivatives”. Proceedings from the Seventh International Conference on Jojoba and Its Uses. American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, Ill.
    7. E. Reiter, Q. Jiang, S. Christen (2007). “Anti-inflammatory properties of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol”. Mol. Aspects Med. 28(5-6): 668-691.
    8. “Jojoba Oil for Nails”. Buzzle.com.http://www.buzzle.com/articles/jojoba-oil-for-nails.html
    About the Author
    Nadim A. Shaath, Ph.D. is the founder and president of Alpha Research & Development Ltd. and a principal of Shaath & Meadows Consultation, White Plains, NY. More info: Nadim A. Shaath, alpharnd@aol.com.
    Related Searches
    • composition
    • corporation
    • research
    • percutaneous absorption
    Related Knowledge Center
    • Skin Care
    • Functional Ingredients
    • Hair Care

    Related Features

    • Actives | Functional Ingredients | I&I Marketplace | Surfactants
      In Sickness & in Health

      In Sickness & in Health

      With demand continuing to expand, the industrial and institutional cleaning market remains resilient no matter how the overall economy is doing.
      Tom Branna, Editorial Director 12.02.19

    • Actives | Skin Care
      In Action

      In Action

      Active ingredients make a skin care product work.
      Melissa Meisel, Associate Editor 12.02.19

    • Functional Ingredients | Hair Care | Polymers | Surfactants
      Tress Test

      Tress Test

      Marketers continue to promote specialty ingredients and need-specific formulations to address strands and scalps. Need a new ingredient? You'll find them here!
      Christine Esposito, Associate Editor 12.02.19


    • Functional Ingredients | Hair Care | Pigments | Surfactants
      From Hollywood to Hair Color

      From Hollywood to Hair Color

      Entrepreneur and hairstylist Jim Markham reflects on his incredible career.
      Charles Sternberg, Assistant Editor 12.02.19

    • Color Cosmetics | Skin Care
      Virtual Reality for Makeup Is Not Make Believe

      Virtual Reality for Makeup Is Not Make Believe

      A review of patent literature reveals the technology that is driving innovation in the color cosmetics space.
      Robert Y. Lochhead PhD, FRSC and Margaret Lochhead 12.02.19

    • Color Cosmetics | Hair Care | Personal Cleansers | Skin Care | Sun Care | Testing
      Members of the Club

      Members of the Club

      Coptis works with customers to develop software for cosmetic laboratories.
      Tom Branna, Editorial Director 12.02.19


    • Skin Care | Sun Care | Testing | Testing
      A New Era in Efficacy Testing

      A New Era in Efficacy Testing

      Validated Claim Support offers a range of testing services for OTC and personal care formulators, all backed by the expertise of an industry veteran.
      Tom Branna , Editorial Director 12.02.19

    • Air Care/Environmental Fragrance | Functional Ingredients | Household Cleaning
      Using Nature’s Power To Control Malodors

      Using Nature’s Power To Control Malodors

      Alpha Aromatics offers a range of natural, plant-based, odor neutralizer additives and natural essential oil compounds for home care formulas.
      Arnold Zlotnik, Alpha Aromatics, Inc. 11.01.19

    • Actives | Disinfectants | Functional Ingredients | Household Cleaning | Polymers | Surfactants

      New Ingredients for Household Cleaners

      Here are new ingredients launched by suppliers during the past 12 months. To learn more, contact the supplier directly using the information listed.
      11.01.19


    • Fine Fragrance | Functional Ingredients
      Quality Over Quantity

      Quality Over Quantity

      Today’s successful fragrances get an upgrade with unique components and luxury packaging while staying true to their audience.
      Melissa Meisel, Associate Editor 11.01.19

    • Actives | Functional Ingredients | Oral Care
      Word of Mouth

      Word of Mouth

      What’s trending in the oral care category.
      Christine Esposito, Associate Editor 11.01.19

    • Actives | Functional Ingredients | Skin Care
      Bullish On the Biome

      Bullish On the Biome

      Brand owners look deeper into the role of the skin microbiome.
      Christine Esposito , Associate Editor 11.01.19

    • Functional Ingredients | Skin Care
      A Horse of a Different Color

      A Horse of a Different Color

      Trove CBD had a unique start, but it’s a focus on quality that will get it over the finish line.
      Tom Branna, Editorial Director 11.01.19

    • Actives | Functional Ingredients | Skin Care
      There’s High Interest in CBD for Beauty & Personal Care

      There’s High Interest in CBD for Beauty & Personal Care

      Cannabidiol is causing quite a stir in the beauty space, but lack of clarity regarding its legal status has multinationals wary of entering the category.
      Imogen Matthews, Consultant 11.01.19

    • Color Cosmetics | Skin Care
      Indie Brands Spark Innovation in Global Beauty Category

      Indie Brands Spark Innovation in Global Beauty Category

      An analysis of more than 200 indie brands to find out if they truly are unique and innovative.
      Marc N.G. de Mul, PhD, Measured Innovation 11.01.19

    Breaking News
    • Scott’s Sells Personal Care Production Site
    • Givaudan Unveils RitualEssenz Brazil
    • Sozio Builds a New Facility
    • Laverne Cox Is Matrix Ambassador
    • H2O+ Reimagines Hydration Oasis
    View Breaking News >
    CURRENT ISSUE

    December 2019

    • In Sickness & in Health
    • In Action
    • Tress Test
    • From Hollywood to Hair Color
    • Virtual Reality for Makeup Is Not Make Believe
    • Members of the Club
    • A New Era in Efficacy Testing
    • View More >
    • About Us
    • Privacy Policy
    • Terms And Conditions
    • Contact Us

    follow us

    Subscribe
    Nutraceuticals World

    Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

    International Scientific Society Calls for Omega-3 Blood Testing in Future Research
    Pharmactive Affron Saffron May Help Relieve Depression Symptoms
    Warmer Temperatures Could Lead to Concerning Levels of Arsenic in Rice
    Coatings World

    Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

    Cristo Rey High School Educator Named 2019 Axalta All-Pro Teacher of the Year
    Michelman Makes United Way of Greater Cincinnati’s List of Top 25 Corporate Campaigns
    BCF: Coatings Industry Reports Record Improvement in Waste, Recycling, Accident Rates
    Medical Product Outsourcing

    Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

    FDA OKs Roche's Nasal Swab MRSA Test
    Philips & Paige to Deliver Clinical-Grade AI Applications to Pathology Labs
    Eye Test for Parkinson's Gains Breakthrough Designation
    Contract Pharma

    Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

    Almac Awarded $1M BMGF Grant
    Vivera Pharma, Parexel Ink Clinical Services Agreement
    MedPharm Triples Capacity at RTP Site
    Beauty Packaging

    Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

    WWP Wins Three NJPEC Awards
    Cat-Themed Beauty Collection to Launch in Japan
    Pantone Names Classic Blue the 2020 Color of the Year
    Happi

    Latest Breaking News From Happi

    Lip Lab Opening in Brooklyn
    Raining Rose Expands Exec Team
    Scott’s Sells Personal Care Production Site
    Ink World

    Latest Breaking News From Ink World

    ePac Flexible Packaging Expands into Asia Pacific Market
    Haney, HP Developing Sustainable Fashion Packaging for Heron Preston
    Addipel Moves to New HQ, Expands Production Facility
    Label & Narrow Web

    Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

    HP teams with Haney for sustainable packaging
    Tags & Labels Printing adds Heidelberg’s Versafire EP
    Austrian converter installs first Nilpeter press
    Nonwovens Industry

    Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

    Thrace to Relocate U.S. Capacity
    FiltXPO Speaker Line-Up Announced
    Nölken Incorporates Sustainable Wipes Packaging
    Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Orthofix Appoints New Spine Business Leader
    Viant to Halt EtO Sterilization at Michigan Plant by End of Year
    Synaptive Medical's Modus V Expands Into Spine Market
    Printed Electronics Now

    Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

    IDTechEx Show! Announces Graphene Award Winner
    OE-A Continues to Bring Future of Printed Electronics to CES 2020
    Avancis, Smit Thermal, HZB, CNRS, Solliace Team for Higher Efficiencies in CIGS

    Copyright © 2019 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.